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KMID : 0352720160400040437
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Journal of Ginseng Research
2016 Volume.40 No. 4 p.437 ~ p.444
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In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Korean Red Ginseng-derived components
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Baek Kwang-Soo
Yi Young-Su
Son Young-Jin
Yoo Sul-Gi
Sung Nak-Yoon
Kim Yong
Hong Sung-Youl
Adithan Aravinthan
Kim Jong-Hoon
Cho Jae-Youl
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Abstract
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Background: Although Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used for a long time, its antiinflammatory role and underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms have been poorly understood. In this study, the anti-inflammatory roles of KRG-derived components, namely, water extract (KRG-WE), saponin fraction (KRG-SF), and nonsaponin fraction (KRG-NSF), were investigated.
Methods: To check saponin levels in the test fractions, KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory roles and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of these components were investigated using a macrophage-like cell line (RAW264.7 cells) and an acute gastritis model in mice.
Results: Of the tested fractions, KGR-SF (but not KRG-NSF and KRG-WE) markedly inhibited the viability of RAW264.7 cells, and splenocytes at more than 500 mg/mL significantly suppressed NO production at 100 mg/mL, diminished mRNA expression of inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-a, and interferon-b at 200 mg/mL, and completely blocked phagocytic uptake by RAW264.7 cells. All three fractions suppressed luciferase activity triggered by interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not that triggered by activator protein-1 and nuclear factorkappa B. Phospho-IRF3 and phospho-TBK1 were simultaneously decreased in KRG-SF. Interestingly, all these fractions, when orally administered, clearly ameliorated the symptoms of gastric ulcer in HCl/ ethanol-induced gastritis mice.
Conclusion: These results suggest that KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF might have anti-inflammatory properties, mostly because of the suppression of the IRF3 pathway.
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KEYWORD
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anti-inflammatory activity, gastritis, Korean Red Ginseng, nonsaponin fraction, saponin fraction
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